John G. Neihardt

John G. Neihardt
John G. Neihardt, 1906. [John G. Neihardt, Papers (C3716)]

John G. Neihardt

Full Name: John Gneisenau Neihardt
Born: January 8, 1881
Died: November 24, 1973 (age 92)
Missouri Hometowns: Branson, Columbia, Kansas City
Regions of Missouri: Central, Kansas City
Categories: Educators, Historic Mizzourians, Travelers, Writers
Neihardt signature

John G. Neihardt was a poet and author famous for his writings on spirituality, Native Americans, and the American West. He is best known for his collection of epic poems, A Cycle of the West, and his nonfiction account of the life of a Sioux medicine man, Black Elk Speaks.

John Greenleaf Neihardt was born in Sharpsburg, Illinois, on January 8, 1881, to Nicholas and Alice Culler Neihardt. For a short while, he lived with his mother and his sisters on his grandparents’ farm in northwest Kansas. John’s memories of the plains, such as living in a sod house, collecting buffalo chips for fuel, and his family’s stubborn optimism despite many difficulties, greatly influenced his writings.

In 1887, the family moved to Kansas City. John attended Irving Elementary. His father shared his love of poetry and reading with John, and took him on weekly adventures around Kansas City. Seeing soldiers training in an army encampment and looking down on the Missouri River during a massive flood created vivid memories that he revisited later.

Although Nicholas left the family when John was just ten, John’s writings often drew upon themes he associated with memories of his father, such as adventure, exploration, battle, and reverence of nature.

Neihardt family.Neihardt family.

The Neihardt family then moved to Wayne, Nebraska. In the fall of 1892, John got sick with a high fever and had a vision that he was flying at incredible speed over the surface of the earth. He sensed the interconnectedness of the universe and believed that he was led on by another spirit, whom he came to call his “Ghostly Brother.” This experience inspired Neihardt to become a poet. He started writing, and eventually changed his middle name to Gneisenau, a family name, because he did not want to be associated with another poet who had a similar name. John was so academically gifted that he entered Nebraska Normal College at age twelve and graduated at age seventeen.

Mona MartinsenMona Martinsen
John G. NeihardtJohn G. Neihardt

After publishing poems and short stories in small papers and magazines, John wrote a long poem based on Hindu religious philosophy. After a disastrous trip in 1898 to find a publisher in Kansas City, in which he resorted to begging for food, the book was finally published as The Divine Enchantment in 1900. That same year Neihardt got a job with a merchant who traded with the Omaha Indians at a reservation near Bancroft, Nebraska. He wrote popular short stories based on his experiences there, publishing them in a book, The Lonesome Trail, in 1907. He soon started developing a national reputation as a writer and poet. Also in 1907, he published A Bundle of Myrrh, which dealt mostly with the concept of romance. After reading it, Mona Martinsen, a student of the famous French sculptor Auguste Rodin, began writing to Neihardt. Mona and John were married in 1908, shortly after meeting for the first time. They had four children and stayed together until Mona’s death fifty years later.

In 1908, Neihardt rafted two thousand miles down the Missouri River from Fort Benton, Montana, to Sioux City, Iowa, chronicling his experience in a series of popular articles for Outing magazine. The articles were republished as The River and I in 1910. He served as the literary editor for the Minneapolis Journal from 1912 until moving to Branson, Missouri, in 1920. In 1921, the Nebraska legislature named him poet laureate of their state. From 1926 to 1938, Neihardt served as the literary editor for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. He wrote constantly, publishing more than twenty books over the next several decades.

I have come to look upon the Missouri as more than a river. To me, it is an epic. And it gave me my first big boy dreams. It was my ocean. I remember well the first time I looked upon my turbulent friend, who has since become as a brother to me. It was from a bluff at Kansas City. I know I must have been a very little boy, for the terror I felt made me reach up to the saving forefinger of my father, lest this insane devil-thing before me should suddenly develop an unreasoning hunger for little boys. –Excerpt, The River and I by John G. Neihardt

In 1912, John began writing a series of five epic poems based on the history of the American West. They were published together in the highly praised A Cycle of the West in 1949. In that same year, Neihardt was named poet-in-residence and lecturer of English at the University of Missouri, where he remained until his retirement in 1965. He lived on a farm, called Skyrim, just north of Columbia until his late eighties, when he returned to Nebraska.

While doing research for A Cycle of the West, Neihardt conducted a series of interviews with Black Elk, an Oglala Lakota Sioux medicine man who had survived the Battle of Little Big Horn and the Wounded Knee Massacre. Neihardt turned these interviews into the book Black Elk Speaks in 1932. Black Elk’s descriptions of a grand vision he had as a youth, the history and changing lifestyle of his people, and his belief in the spiritual unity of everything on earth caught on in Europe in the 1950s.

Neihardt with Lakota SiouxNeihardt with Lakota Sioux

The book was popular with the American counterculture in the 1960s (some even referred to it as “the Bible of the hippies”), and became a national phenomenon after Neihardt appeared on television as a guest of The Dick Cavett Show in 1971. Although it is controversial because of possible errors in translation and claims of inaccuracies stemming from the personal and cultural biases of both Neihardt and Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks is still viewed as an important text by Native American scholars, historians, and students of American religious culture.

The Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1868 the United States government gave the “Great Sioux Reservation” (most of what is now western South Dakota) to Native American groups from the Great Plains (mostly various tribes of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho). However, some Indians rejected this agreement and chose to ignore reservation boundaries as they traveled and hunted in lands that historically had belonged to their tribes. After a military expedition discovered gold in the Black Hills regions of South Dakota in 1874, many white miners began illegally settling in the region. After failing to get the Indians to sell the Black Hills, the U.S. government ordered the Indian groups in the area to report to other parts of the reservation in 1876. Many Indian leaders, most notably Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, defied the order. The resulting struggle, known as the Great Sioux War, lasted well into the next year. The Battle of Little Bighorn began on June 25, 1876, when U.S. Army forces encountered parties of Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne who had settled in a large temporary village near the Little Bighorn River. After a failed attack, the forces of Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, including much of the U.S. Seventh Cavalry, were surrounded and totally destroyed in what became known as “Custer’s Last Stand.” After the defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn, the U.S. Army renewed its efforts to force all of the remaining Native American groups in the Great Plains onto reservation lands. By late 1877, all of the remaining resisting groups had either surrendered or fled to Canada. Therefore, the Battle of Little Bighorn is also sometimes referred to as “The Indians’ Last Stand.”

Wounded Knee Massacre

In 1890, the U.S. government broke up the “Great Sioux Reservation” in what is now western South Dakota, and divided the land into smaller individual plots to encourage the Native Americans living there to settle down and become farmers. Unfortunately, arid conditions in the region caused crops to fail. At the same time, the U.S. government reduced the amount of aid (including food) it was providing to the Indians living there. Fearing starvation, the prophecy of a Paiute Indian named Jack Wilson (also called Wovoka) became popular. Wilson had a vision that if all Native Americans would live in love and peace and practice a set of dancing rituals, known as the “Ghost Dance,” Jesus Christ would return, expel the whites from the region, and allow the Indians to live happily forever with their ancestors in their native lands. The Ghost Dance movement frightened many white settlers in the Great Plains. The U.S. Army responded by trying to crack down on Indian leaders involved in the movement, and on Indians traveling outside of reservation boundaries. On December 29, 1890, a rifle discharged while the U.S. Seventh Cavalry attempted to disarm a band of Lakota Sioux camped near Wounded Knee Creek. In the resulting firefight, between two hundred and three hundred Native American men, women, and children were killed, as well as about thirty U.S. soldiers.

John Neihardt reading to studentsJohn Neihardt reading to students

Shortly after returning to Columbia, Missouri, to visit his family, John G. Neihardt died of natural causes on November 3, 1973. The previous year, he published an autobiography, titled All Is But a Beginning. A second volume, Patterns and Coincidences, was published posthumously in 1978. Many of Neihardt’s works have received critical acclaim, and he received numerous awards and honorary degrees. Neihardt is a member of the Nebraska Hall of Fame, and is recognized in the Hall of Famous Missourians in the Missouri state capitol. Since 1968, the first day of August has been celebrated as “John G. Neihardt Day” in Nebraska.

Text and research by Todd Barnett

References and Resources

For more information about John G. Neihardt’s life and career, see the following resources:

Society Resources

The following is a selected list of books, articles, and manuscripts about John G. Neihardt in the research centers of The State Historical Society of Missouri. The Society’s call numbers follow the citations in brackets.

Articles from the Missouri Historical Review

Articles from the Newspaper Collection

  • “At 91, Dr. John G. Neihardt Enjoys a Renaissance.” Kansas City Times. January 8, 1972. [Reel # 21750]
  • “John G. Neihardt: His Legacy Lives On.” Columbia Missourian. May 7, 1976. p. 6B. [Reel # 7780]
  • “John G. Neihardt Subject of Film.” Columbia Daily Tribune. September 23, 1973. p. 21. [Reel # 8366]
  • “John G. Neihardt, the Word Sender.” Columbia Missourian. April 22, 1973. p. 13. [Reel # 7761]
  • “Keeper of the Words.” Columbia Missourian. November 23, 1986. pp. 10-11. [Reel # 7871]
  • “Neihardt Remembered.” Columbia Missourian. January 16, 1981. p. 4B. [Reel # 7828]
  • “Neihardt to Help Start Centennial in Nebraska.” Columbia Missourian. January 16, 1967. p. 1. [Reel # 7722]
  • “Poet John Neihardt’s Daughter Can’t Reveal Everything He Wrote.” Columbia Daily Tribune. April 27, 1986. p. 4. [Reel # 8509]

Books and Articles

  • Aly, Bower. “John G. Neihardt: Man, Poet, and Splendid Wayfarer.” Nebraska History. v. 55 (1974), pp. 573-579. [REF 978.2 N275]
  • Aly, Lucile F. John G. Neihardt: A Critical Biography. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi, 1977. [REF F508.1 N316a]
  • “American West’s Poet Lived a Truly Epic Life.” Denver Post. October 22, 1989. [REF Vertical File]
  • “The Good Road of the Prairie Poet.” Missouri Highways. Spring 1970, pp. 7-12. [REF Vertical File]
  • “A Great Man Ponders His Years.” Missourian Magazine. v. 2, no. 1 (November 30, 1967), pp. 4-5. [REF Vertical File]
  • Lee, Fred L. John G. Neihardt: The Man and His Western Writings. Kansas City: Kansas City Posse of the Westerners, 1974. [REF F508.1 N316L]
  • Neihardt, John G. All Is But a Beginning: Youth Remembered, 1881-1901. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972. [REF 921 N316]
  • Neihardt, John G. Black Elk Speaks. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. [REF 970.2 B5612b 1961]
  • Neihardt, John G. A Cycle of the West. New York: Macmillan Co., 1949. [REF 811 N316c]
  • Neihardt, John G. Patterns and Coincidences: A Sequel to All Is But a Beginning. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1978. [REF 921 N316n]
  • Neihardt, John G., with Raymond J. DeMallie. The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk’s Teachings Given to John G. Neihardt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984. [REF 970.2 B5612n]

Manuscript Collection

  • Kendrick, M. Slade (1894-1980), Papers, 1951-1973 (C0628)
    This collection of papers includes correspondence detailing the friendship between John G. Neihardt and M. Slade Kendrick, professor of agricultural economics at Cornell University.
  • Mott, Frank Luther (1886-1964), Papers, 1824-1962 (C2343)
    Frank Luther Mott was a professor of journalism, and later dean of the School of Journalism, at the University of Missouri. His papers include correspondence with John G. Neihardt from the early to mid-1920s, mostly concerning Neihardt’s literary career and his early associations with Native Americans. Also included is a review copy of Neihardt’s Song of the Indian Wars.
  • Neihardt, John G. (1881-1973), Ephemera, 1938-1987 (C1267)
    This collection includes correspondence and miscellaneous materials such as news clippings, the script of a play based on Black Elk Speaks, and materials related to the John G. Neihardt Foundation.
  • Neihardt, John G. (1881-1973), Letters, 1912-1925 (C3074)
    This is a collection of letters written between John G. Neihardt and California poet George Sterling between 1912 and 1925.
  • Neihardt, John G. (1881-1973), Papers, 1858-1974 (C3716)
    This collection of John G. Neihardt’s papers includes correspondence, manuscripts, photographs, news clippings, audio and video cassettes, and recordings of his popular telecourse at the University of Missouri, Epic America.
  • Neihardt, John G. (1881-1973), Papers, 1858-1974 (C3778)
    This set of John G. Neihardt’s papers include correspondence and a number of miscellaneous materials such as genealogical information, news clippings, photographs, poetry, and transcripts from a spiritual séance in which Neihardt participated.
  • Smith, Stanley (1928-1999), Papers, 1951-1971 (C3607)
    These are the papers of a newspaper editor, tavern operator, teacher, and close friend of the poet John G. Neihardt. The papers consist primarily of letters, but also include newspaper clippings, photographs, and records related to a 1965 speaking tour that Smith managed for Neihardt.

Outside Resources

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